Encountering works by Nyerere and Freire
Exploring the connections between education for liberation and education for self-reliance in contemporary radical popular education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3384/rela.2000-7426.4420Keywords:
Freire, Nyerere, solidarity, comparative research, service learningAbstract
This conceptual paper presents an encounter of a work regarding education on self-reliance by Tanzanian educator Julius K. Nyerere (1922–1999) with a work by Brazilian educator Paolo Freire (1921–1997) on education for liberation to explore their relevance for contemporary radical popular education. To this end, the study aligns with the methodological approaches used in qualitative comparative education research. Entering into a comparative dialogue between both contributions contextualises the respective features of each contribution and allows a systematic dialogue between commonalities and differences and for conclusions to be drawn regarding radical popular education. Solidarity and sustainability serve as guiding categories in this endeavour. They point conclusively to the benefits of further theoretical encounters (with, for example, the philosophy of ubuntu), to the risks of neoliberal reinterpretations and, against this background, to the quest for nurturing contemporary approaches in radical popular education in adult education academia, research and practice under the auspices of social change and transformation.
Metrics
References
Ahluwalia, P. (2001). Politics and Post-colonial Theory: African Inflections. Routledge.
Allman, P. (1988). Gramsci, Freire and Illich: Their Contributions to Education for Socialism. In T. Lovett (Ed.), Radical Approaches to Adult Education. A Reader (pp. 85-113). Routledge.
Barrett, A. M. (2016). Measuring learning outcomes and education for sustainable development: The new education developmental goal. In W. C. Smith (Ed.), The global testing culture: Shaping education policy, perceptions, and practice (pp. 101–114). Symposium Books.
Bereday, G. Z.F. (1964). Comparative Method in Education. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Bringle, R., & Hatcher J. (2009). Innovative Practices in Service-Learning and Curricular Engagement. In L. Sandmann, A. Jaeger & C. Thompton (Eds.), New Direction in Community Engagement (pp. 37-46). Jossey-Bass.
CNCS (2002). The Impact of Service-Learning: A Review of Current Research. Corporation for National & Community Service. https://www.nationalservice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/issuebrief_servicelearning.pdf
Curdt, W., & Schreiber-Barsch, S. (2020). Abilities in the blind spot of testing regimes: Eliciting the benefits and limitations of participatory research approaches on numeracy in adult basic education. International Review of Education, 66(2-3), 387-413.
Darder, A. (2002). Reinventing Paulo Freire: A Pedagogy of Love. Westview Press.
da Silva, A.M.T. (2021). Bedeutung und Aktualisierung der Befreiungspädagogik Paulo Freires: ein Dialog mit Bildungsinitiativen im Nordosten Brasiliens. In L. Eble et al. (Eds.), Kritische Pädagogik. Eingriffe und Perspektiven (pp. 153-167). Schneider Verlag Hohengehren.
Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and Education. Simons & Schuster Inc.
Díaz-Arévalo, J.M. (2022). In search of the ontology of participation in Participatory Action Research: Orlando Fals-Borda’s Participatory Turn, 1977–1980. Action Research, 20(4), 343–362.
Eble, L. (2022). Solidarität als widerständige Beziehungsweise und kritisches Prinzip emanzipativer Bildung, Debatte. Beiträge zur Erwachsenenbildung, 2021, 4(2), 112-134.
Evans, R., Kurantowicz, E., & Lucio-Villegas, E. (2022). Introduction. In R. Evans, E. Kurantowicz, & E. Lucio-Villegas (Eds.), Remaking Communities and Adult Learning. Social and Community-based Learning, New Forms of Knowledge and Action for Change (pp. 1-15). Brill.
Eze, O. M. (2011). The UNESCO Courier: Many Voices, One World: I am because we are. UNESCO. https://en.unesco.org/courier/octobre-decembre-2011/i-am-because-you-are
Fairbrother, G. P. (2016). Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Comparative Education. In M. Bray, B. Adamson, & M. Mason (Eds.), Comparative Education Research. Approaches and Methods (pp. 71-93). Springer.
Fanon, F. (1986). Black skin, white mask. Pluto Press.
Fanon, F. (2001). The wretched of the earth. Penguin.
Finnegan, F., Fragoso, A., & Merrill, B. (2022). Radical popular education today: Prospects and possibilities. RELA call for paper. https://rela.ep.liu.se/libraryFiles/downloadPublic/38
Freire, P. (1993). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Penguin.
Freire, P. (1989). Afterword Making History: Education for the future. In A. Darder (Ed.), Reinventing Paulo Freire: A Pedagogy of Love (pp. 198-201). Westview Press.
Freire, P. (2004). Pedagogy of hope. Bloomsbury.
Freire, P. (1998). Teachers as Cultural Workers: Letters to Those Who Dare Teach. Westview Press.
Gallie, W. B. (1956). Essentially contested concepts. Meeting of the Aristotelian Society at 21, Redford Square, London, W.C.1, on March 12th, 1956, at 7.30 p.m. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 56, 167–198.
Gramsci, A. (1975). Quaderni del carcere [Prison Notebooks]. Edizione critica, Einaudi.
Grummell, B., & Finnegan, F. (2021). Introduction. In B. Grummell & F. Finnegan (Eds.), Doing Critical and Creative Research in Adult Education, Case Studies in Methodology and Theory (pp. 1-12), Brill.
Hall, B.L. (1974). Adult Education and the Development of Socialism in Tanzania. University of California.
Heisel, A. M. (1979). Adult Education in Tanzania. International Social Work, 22(3), 38-46.
Hope, A. (2008). The Search for a Convivial Society. Adult Education and Development, 70. https://www.dvv-international.de/en/adult-education-and-development/editions/aed-702008/history-nyerere-on-adult-education/the-search-for-a-convivial-society
Jesson, J., & Newman, M. (2004). Radical adult education and learning. In G. Foley (Ed.), Dimensions of adult learning. Adult education and training in a global era (pp. 251-264). Open University Press.
Johnson, R. (1988). ‘Really Useful Knowledge’ 1790-1850: Memories for Education in the 1980s. In T. Lovett (Ed.), Radical Approaches to Adult Education. A Reader (pp. 3-34). Routledge.
Kassam, Y. (1983). Nyerere's philosophy and the educational experiment in Tanzania. Interchange, 14, 56–68.
Lessenich, S. (2019). Grenzen der Demokratie. Teilhabe als Verteilungsproblem. [Limits of democracy. Participation as a problem of distribution.] Reclam.
Lema, E., Omari, I., & Rajani, R. (2006). Nyerere on Education: Selected Essays and Speeches 1961 – 1997. E & D Limited.
Lima, L. C. (2022). Adult Learning and Mainstream Education Discourse: Revisiting Freire’s Pedagogy of the oppressed. In R. Evans, E. Kurantowicz & E. Lucio-Villegas (Eds.), Remaking Communities and Adult Learning. Social and Community-based Learning, New Forms of Knowledge and Action for Change (pp. 19-36). Brill.
Lovett, T. (1988). Introduction. In T. Lovett (Ed.), Radical Approaches to Adult Education. A Reader (pp. xv-xxiii). Routledge.
Major, T., & Mulvihill, T.M. (2009). Julius Nyerere (1922-1999), an African Philosopher, Re-envisions Teacher Education to Escape Colonialism. New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry, 3(1), 15-22. https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/newproposals/article/view/200
Maluleka, K.J. (2021). Education for self-reliance and its relevance to lifelong learning in the previously colonised countries. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 40(2), 129-141.
Manninen, J. (2012). Liberal adult education as civic capacity builder? LLinE. Lifelong learning in Europe, XII(1), 69-78.
Manzon, M. (2016). Comparing Places. Comparing Race, Class and Gender. In M. Bray, B. Adamson, & M. Mason (Eds.), Comparative Education Research. Approaches and Methods (pp. 97-137). Hong Kong.
Martin, I., Crowther, J., Galloway, V., Johnston, R. & Merrill, B. (1999). A Meeting of Minds. Adults Learning, 10(9), 9-12.
Marx, K. (1962). Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (Bd. 1, MEW 23) [Capital: A Critique of Political Economy]. Dietz.
Mason, M. (2016). Comparing Cultures. In M. Bray, B. Adamson, & M. Mason (Eds.), Comparative Education Research. Approaches and Methods (pp. 221-257). Springer.
Mayo, P., & Vittoria, P. (2021). Critical Education in International Perspective. Bloomsbury.
Mulenga, D. C. (2001). Mwalimu Julius Nyerere: a critical review of his contributions to Adult Education and Postcolonialism. International journal of lifelong education, 20(6), 446–470.
Nyerere, J.K. (1967b). Freedom and Socialism: the purpose is man. A selection from writings and speeches 1965 – 1967. Oxford University Press.
Nyerere, J.K. (1967a). Education for Self-Reliance. Government Printer.
Nyerere, J.K. (1968). ‘The Arusha Declaration’. Freedom and Socialism. Oxford University Press.
Nyerere, J.K. (1978). Adult Education and Development. In B. Hall, & J. R. Kidd (Eds.), Adult Learning: A Design for Action. Pergamon Press.
Ozga, J., & Jones, R. (2006). Travelling and embedded policy: the case of knowledge transfer. Journal of Education Policy, 21(1), 1-17.
Pacho, T. O. (2013). Critical and Creative Education for the New Africa. Peter Lang.
Pacho, T. O. (2017). Service-Learning in Higher Education in Zimbabwe. Peter Lang.
Popovic, K. (2013). Lernen für eine friedliche Revolution. Ein Ansatz des transformativen Lernens. [Learning for a non-violent revolution. A transformative learning approach.] EB. Vierteljahresschrift für Theorie und Praxis, 59(4), 171-174. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-64254-8
Sanga, I. (2016). Education for Self Reliance: Nyerere’s Policy Recommendations in the Context of Tanzania. African Research Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 3(2). http://arjess.org/education-research/education-for-self-reliance-nyereres-policy-recommendations-in-the-context-of-tanzania.pdf
Schreiber-Barsch, S., & Mauch, W. (2019). Adult Learning and Education as a response to global challenges: fostering agents of social transformation and sustainability. International Review of Education, 65(4), 515-536.
Schreiber-Barsch, S., & Rule, R. (2021). Shifting lenses to a participatory ethos in research: Adult learners with disabilities in Germany and South Africa. In A. Köpfer, J.W. Powell & R. Zahnd (Eds.), Handbook Inclusion International – globale, nationale & lokale Perspektiven auf Inklusive Bildung (pp. 547-572). Barbara Budrich.
TANU (1974). The Musoma Resolution: Directive on the implementation of education for elf-reliance. Musoma: TANU National Executive Committee.
UNESCO (2015). Recommendation on Adult Learning and Education. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and UIL. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_943236c4-8ee3-4eef-b5bb-276b9b8f6aac?_=245179eng.pdf&to=16&from=1#pdfjs.action=download
United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world. The 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. United Nations. https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/publications/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (2014). Sera ya Elimu na Mafunzo. [Education and training policy]. Wizara ya Elimu na Mafunzo ya Ufundi.
Waghid, Y. (2014). African Philosophy of Education Reconsidered. On being human. Routledge.
West, C. (1993). Preface. In P. Leonard & P. McLaren (Eds.), Paulo Freire. A critical encounter (pp. xiii-xiv). Routledge.
von Kotze, A. (2010). A democracy we can eat: a livelihoods approach to TVET policy and provision. European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 1(1-2), 131-145.
Yahl, M. (2015). Education in Tanzania. Harvard Education Review, 55(1), 45–52. https://tdcf.org.uk/education-in-tanzania-facts.html
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Silke Schreiber-Barsch, Joseph Badokufa Bulugu, Lukas Eble
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
As RELA is an open access journal, this means that anyone who can access the Internet can freely download and read the journal. There are no commercial interests for Linköping University Electronic Press or the European Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ESREA) in publishing the journal. There are no charges for publishing authors.
The core idea of open access is that copyright remains with the author(s). However, we publish with the agreement of the author that if she or he decides later to publish the article elsewhere, that the publisher will be notified, prior to any acceptance, that the article has already been published by RELA.
When publishing with RELA, it is with the agreement of the author that if they make their article available elsewhere on the internet (for example, on their own website or an institutional website), that they will do so by making a link to the article as published in RELA using the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) number of the article and acknowledge in the text of the site that the article has been previously published in RELA.