Political Posters, the Soviet Enlightenment and the Construction of a Learning Society, 1917-1928
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3384/rela.2000-7426.3561Abstract
This paper explores the construction of a Soviet learning society represented in Soviet political posters during the first decade after the 1917 Socialist Revolution. The theoretical framework is based on studies of learning societies, lifelong education and learning, Soviet education, and the theory of multiple modernities. We employed a post-structuralist discourse analysis that allowed us to explore verbal and non-verbal poster elements to identify key domains in the construction of the Soviet learning society. Our study identified six main discursive visual and textual messages in political posters as educational devices in the development of the Socialist learning state. Findings show that learning was embedded in broader social, political, economic and cultural practices and took multiple forms. Political posters served multiple functions: they were motivators for learning, learning devices, means to communicate the Soviet party-state agenda, and part of the social-political and cultural curriculum of the learning society to come.
Metrics
References
Anderson, K. T., & Holloway, J. (2018). Discourse analysis as theory, method, and epistemology in studies of education policy. Journal of Education Policy, 12, 1-34. doi:10.1080/02680939.2018.1552992
Arnason, J. (2010). The cultural turn and the civilizational approach. European Journal of Social Theory, 13(1), 67-82.
Bashqawi, A. (2019). The Circassian miracle: The nation neither tsars, nor commissars, nor Russia could stop. Xlibris Corporation.
Bonnell, V. (1999). Iconography of power: Soviet political posters under Lenin and Stalin (Vol. 27). University of California Press.
Brickman, W., & Zepper, J. (1992). Russian and Soviet education, 1731-1989: A multilingual annotated bibliography. Garland.
Central Statistical Office under the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1956). Narodnoe hozjajstvo SSSR. Statisticheskiy sbornik (In Russian). [The national economy of the USSR. Statistical compendium]. Retrieved from http://istmat.info/files/uploads/17165/ narhoz_sssr_1956_kultura.pdf
Coffield, F. (2000). Introduction: A critical analysis of the concept of learning society. In Differing vision of a Learning Society. Research findings (Vol. 1, pp.1-38). Policy Press.
Danilova, Y., & Nurieva, N. (2015). Sovetskie plakaty kak sredstvo vizual’no-verbal’noj politicheskoj agitacii (In Russian). [Soviet posters as a means of visual and verbal political propaganda]. Mir nauki, kutury i obrazovaniya. Vol 2(51), p. 408-411.
Dobrenko, V. (2009). The image of the enemy: The Evolution of the ‘other’ in Bolshevik political posters from the October Revolution and the Civil War. Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire, 87(3), 685-704.
Dosekin, E. (2015). Sovetskij politicheskij plakat v sisteme kommunikacii vlasti i obshhestva (In Russian). [The Soviet political poster in the system of communication between the government and society]. E. Semenova (Ed.). Chelovek i obshhestvo v uslovijah vojn i revoljucij: Conference proceedings. Samara State University.
Eisenstadt, S. (2000). The civilizational dimension in sociological analysis. Thesis Eleven, 62(1), 1-21.
Eklof, B. (2008). Russian literacy campaigns 1861–1939. In R. F. Arnove, H. J. Graff (Eds.), National literacy campaigns and movements: Historical and comparative perspectives, (1st ed.). Routledge, (pp. 123-145). doi:10.4324/9781315125077-6
English, L. M., & Mayo, P. (2021). Paulo Freire and the Debate in Lifelong Learning. In Lifelong Learning, Global Social Justice, and Sustainability (pp. 75-92). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Enlightenment. (2020). In Oxford Online Dictionary. Retrieved November 30, 2020, https://www.lexico.com/definition/enlightenment
Fitzpatrick, S. (1970). The Commissariat of Enlightenment. Soviet Organisation of Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky, October 1917–1921. London.
Fitzpatrick, S. (1979). Education and social mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511523595
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish (A. Sheridan, trans.). Pantheon.
Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality (1st American ed.). Pantheon Books.
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge: selected interviews and other writings 1972–1979. Pantheon.
Ginsberg, M. (2013). The Art of Influence: Asian Propaganda. Hotei Publishing.
Habermas, J. (1962/1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere. MITPress.
Hake, B., Glastra, F., & Schedler, P. (2004). Workers as travellers, migrants, and refugees: Border-crossings and the construction of proletarian public spheres in Europe before the Second World War. In B. J. Hake, B. van Gent, & J. Katus (2004). Adult Education and Globalisation: Past and Present. Peter Lang.
Harcave, S. (1970). The Russian revolution of 1905. Collier-Macmillan.
Ignatovich, E. (2018). Ot vneshkol'nogo obrazovanija k dopolnitel'nomu: sravnitel'nyj istoriko-lingvisticheskij analiz konceptov [From “out-of-school education” to “supplementary education” in Russia: a comparative historical-linguistic analysis of the concepts (the 18th - 21st centuries)]. Lifelong Education: The Twenty-First Century, 3(23), 2-26. doi: 10.15393/j5.art.2018.4024
Jarvis, P. (2007). Globalisation, lifelong learning and the learning society: Sociological perspectives. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203964408
Livingstone, D. W., & Guile, D. (2012). The knowledge economy and lifelong learning: A critical reader. BRILL
Kahan, A. (1989). Russian economic history: the nineteenth century. University of Chicago Press.
Kenez, P. (1985). The birth of the propaganda state: Soviet methods of mass mobilization, 1917-1929. Cambridge University Press.
Mironov, B. (2010). Blagosostoyanie naselenia i revoliutsii v imperskoi Rossii (In Russian). [The Welfare of the Population and the revolutions in the Russian Empire]. Novyi Khronograf.
Nicoll, K. (2006). Flexibility and lifelong learning: Policy, discourse, and politics. Routledge.
Oushakine, S. (2016). Translating communism for children: fables and posters of the revolution. Boundary 2, 43(3), 159-219.
Ozhegov, S., & Shvedova, N. (1997). The explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Retrieved from http://ozhegov.info/
Polonsky, V. (1925). Russkij revoljucionnyj plakat (In Russian). [Russian revolutionary poster]. State Press.
Rose, G. (2016). Visual methodologies: An introduction to researching with visual materials (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Roselle, L. (2017). Communist posters. Middletown: American Library Association CHOICE.
Salter, P. (2014). Knowing Asia: Creative policy translation in an Australian school setting. Journal of Education Policy, 29(2), 145-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2013.794303
Schugurensky, D. (2007). The learning society in Canada and the US. In M. Kuhn (Ed.), New Society Models for a New Millennium. The learning society in Europe and beyond (pp. 295-334). Peter Lang.
Starks, T. (2017). Propagandizing the healthy, Bolshevik life in the early USSR. American journal of public health, 107(11), 1718-1724.
Stevick, E. D. (2010). Education policy as normative discourse and negotiated meanings: Engaging the holocaust in Estonia. Prospects, 40(2), 239-256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-010-9158-2
Stewart, T. T. (2012). English teachers, administrators, and dialogue: Transcending the asymmetry of power in the discourse of educational policy. English Education, 44(4), 375-393.
The Great Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language (n/d). Vol. 11. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu
Tolstikova, N. (2007). Early Soviet Advertising: ‘We Have to Extract All the Stinking Bourgeois Elements.’ Journalism History, 33(1), 42-50.
Twelfth Congress of the Communist Party (1923/1968). Verbatim report, Moscow.
Waldron, P. (1997). The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917. Reader in History University of Sunderland. Palgrave: Macmillan.
White, S. (1988). The Bolshevik Poster. Yale University Press.
Williams, C. (2012). ‘Let’s Smash It!’ Mobilizing the Masses against the Demon Drink in Soviet-Era Health Posters. Visual Resources, 28(4), 355-375.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Elena Ignatovich, Pierre Walter
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
As RELA is an open access journal, this means that anyone who can access the Internet can freely download and read the journal. There are no commercial interests for Linköping University Electronic Press or the European Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ESREA) in publishing the journal. There are no charges for publishing authors.
The core idea of open access is that copyright remains with the author(s). However, we publish with the agreement of the author that if she or he decides later to publish the article elsewhere, that the publisher will be notified, prior to any acceptance, that the article has already been published by RELA.
When publishing with RELA, it is with the agreement of the author that if they make their article available elsewhere on the internet (for example, on their own website or an institutional website), that they will do so by making a link to the article as published in RELA using the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) number of the article and acknowledge in the text of the site that the article has been previously published in RELA.